Resistance ( R) genes from diverse Solanum species encode intracellular receptors that trigger effective defense responses upon the recognition of cognate RXLR avirulence (Avr) effector proteins. Phytophthora infestans is a pathogenic oomycete that causes the infamous potato late blight disease. These insights will guide future strategies to breed durable resistant varieties. The biased distribution of polymorphisms suggests that exchange of LRRs during host-pathogen co-evolution can lead to novel recognition specificities. This study showed that Rpi-chc1.1 and Rpi-chc1.2 evolved to recognize distinct members of the same PexRD12/31 effector family via the LRR domain. Domain swaps between Rpi-chc1.1 and Rpi-chc1.2 revealed that overlapping subdomains in the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain are responsible for the difference in effector recognition.
While Rpi-chc1.1 recognized multiple PexRD12 (Avrchc1.1) proteins, Rpi-chc1.2 recognized multiple PexRD31 (Avrchc1.2) proteins, both belonging to the PexRD12/31 effector superfamily. These alleles have distinct patterns of RXLR effector recognition. Functional and non-functional alleles of Rpi-chc1 encode coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (CNL) proteins, being the first described representatives of the CNL16 family.
These tools were used to study effector recognition and co-evolution. In this study, we cloned 16 allelic variants of the Rpi-chc1 gene from Solanum chacoense and other Solanum species, and identified the cognate P. To deploy these R genes in a durable fashion in agriculture, we need to understand the mechanism of effector recognition and the way the pathogen evades recognition. Resistance (R) genes from diverse Solanum species encode intracellular receptors that trigger effective defense responses upon the recognition of cognate RXLR avirulence (Avr) effector proteins. It’s a royal and a striking reminder of why these two artists have reached legendary status.Phytophthora infestans is a pathogenic oomycete that causes the infamous potato late blight disease. Distant Relatives is this African contradiction explored further with hip-hop, dancehall, and by way of samples, jazz, and African music showing the way. The magical moment that explains it all comes in the form of an old Dennis Brown interview which is sampled for “Land of Promise.” Answering the question “What do you think of Africa?” Brown replies “Just to mention of it man, is like, you call mi name man” in a voice that displays a whirlwind of emotions, from the very best to the very worst. The majestic “Strong Will Continue” marches forth with a positive spiritual message, while “Count Your Blessings” is musically akin to Damian’s Bobby Brown collaboration “Beautiful” and father Bob's’s “One Love” lyrically. On the track, guest K’Naan offers the provocative “I drink poison/Then I vomit diamonds” while the devastating “Leaders” features Nas’ “Malcolm on the podium/Shells drop to linoleum/Swipe those/Place them on display on the Smithsonian.” Still, there’s much more hope and pride here than anger and darkness. Rapidly trading the lines (Nas): "I’ve got the guns"/(Damian): "I’ve got the Ganja"/(Nas): "And we can blaze it up on your block if you wanna” just raises the excitement level to a “Welcome to Jamrock” or “Nas Is Like,” but when the following “Tribes at War” creates a cinematic big picture of Africa crumbling while its people are unwillingly scattered across the globe, the album turns compelling. Actually, it all comes together in the album’s first few seconds as Marley and Nas loop a sample of Ethiopian jazzman Mulatu Astatke for “As We Enter”’s effective and infectious beat. The Nas and Damian Marley collaboration Distant Relatives came together as a way to earn money for schools in Africa, but before any corny “charity album” misconceptions get in the way, know that this is one purposeful monster and a conceptional bull's eye that fully supports its title.
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